联合国致中国政府正式通报函 - 编号AL CHN 15/2024

 

AL CHN 15/2024 - United Nations Communication to China

联合国致中国政府正式通报函 - 编号AL CHN 15/2024

Mandates of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association; the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders; the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers; the Special Rapporteur on minority issues; the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Working Group on discrimination against women and girls

强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组、任意拘留问题工作组、促进和保护意见与表达自由问题特别报告员、和平集会与结社自由问题特别报告员、人权捍卫者状况问题特别报告员、法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员、少数群体问题特别报告员、宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员以及妇女和女童歧视问题工作组

 

Ref.: AL CHN 15/2024

编号：AL CHN 15/2024

 

14 November 2024

2024年11月14日

 

Excellency,

阁下：

 

We have the honour to address you in our capacities as the above-mentioned mandate holders, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions.

我们谨代表上述任务授权持有者，依据联合国人权理事会的相关决议，郑重致函贵国政府。

 

In this connection, we would like to bring to the attention of your Excellency’s Government information we have received concerning recurring patterns of repression, including incommunicado detention and enforced disappearance, aimed at restricting artistic, cultural and religious expressions, and silencing human rights defenders and dissenting or opposing views critical of the Government.

在此背景下，我们希望引起贵国政府的注意，我们收到的信息显示出压制性行为的反复模式，包括秘密关押和强迫失踪，旨在限制艺术、文化和宗教表达，并压制人权捍卫者及对政府持批评意见或异见的人士。

 

Special Procedures mandate holders have previously communicated their concerns to your Excellency’s Government regarding the arbitrary detention and enforced disappearance of activists, human rights defenders, and members of ethnic and religious minority groups.

特别程序机制的任务持有者此前已就活动人士、人权捍卫者及少数族裔和宗教群体成员被任意拘留和强迫失踪的问题，向贵国政府表达了关切。

 

We raised such concerns in communications sent on 7 May 2020 (CHN 8/2020), 2 Jun 2020 (CHN 12/2020), 28 Apr 2021 (CHN 4/2021), 16 Jul 2021 (CHN 7/2021), 3 Feb 2022 (CHN 2/2022), 26 Jun 2023 (CHN 8/2023), 2 Nov 2023 (CHN 18/2023), 11 Jun 2024 (CHN 10/2024), and 11 September 2024 (AL CHN 12/2024).

我们分别于2020年5月7日（CHN 8/2020）、2020年6月2日（CHN 12/2020）、2021年4月28日（CHN 4/2021）、2021年7月16日（CHN 7/2021）、2022年2月3日（CHN 2/2022）、2023年6月26日（CHN 8/2023）、2023年11月2日（CHN 18/2023）、2024年6月11日（CHN 10/2024）及2024年9月11日（AL CHN 12/2024）发出通报表达此类关切。

 

We thank your Excellency’s Government for the relevant responses, including most recently on 7 August 2024 (AL CHN 10/2024). Nevertheless, we remain concerned at a number of allegations, as detailed below.

我们感谢贵国政府所提供的相关回复，包括最近一次于2024年8月7日（AL CHN 10/2024）作出的回应。然而，我们对若干指控仍感到忧虑，详见如下内容。

 

According to the information received:

Over the last decade, Chinese authorities have reportedly intensified the use of various forms of incommunicado detention and enforced disappearance as a tool to control the prevailing social and political movements, suppress dissenting voices, and restrict expressions of ethnic or religious minorities.

根据收到的信息：

在过去十年里，中国当局据称日益加强使用各种形式的秘密关押和强迫失踪，作为控制社会和政治运动、压制异见声音以及限制少数族裔或宗教群体表达的工具。

 

Enforced disappearances are allegedly often wielded against human rights defenders, dissidents, and individuals exercising their fundamental rights to freedom of expression, association, peaceful assembly, and religion or belief.

据称，强迫失踪常被用来针对人权捍卫者、持不同政见者，以及那些行使其基本权利——如言论自由、结社自由、和平集会和宗教或信仰自由——的个人。

 

Police and State Security officials are reported to instill fear and intimidation among local communities and the wider population in the country, and systematically target those who dare challenge the Government either online or in the streets, in the nation’s capital or the hinterlands, or abroad.

据称，警方和国家安全部门的官员在全国范围内制造恐惧和胁迫氛围，系统性地打击那些敢于在网上、街头、首都、边远地区或海外挑战政府的人士。

 

In October and November 2022, numerous individuals were allegedly abducted by police officials for taking part in peaceful protests, including the 'White Paper' protests opposing COVID-19 restrictions in many cities. Individuals had reportedly forcibly disappeared after being placed into State custody and remain without contact with the outside world.

在2022年10月和11月，众多参与和平抗议的人士据称遭到警方绑架，其中包括在多个城市举行反对新冠疫情管控措施的“白纸运动”抗议者。据报道，这些人在被国家拘押后即遭强迫失踪，与外界失联。

 

In some cases, the families of the persons concerned have been warned against speaking out, and close relatives have faced restrictions such as residential surveillance in a designated location and other illegal forms of deprivation of liberty such as house arrest, continued restrictions and surveillance after prison release, and different types of 'black jails'. Additionally, people expressing support and solidarity have also allegedly been intimidated or detained.

在某些情况下，有关人员的家属被警告不得发声，近亲属受到限制，如被指定地点监视居住、非法剥夺自由（如软禁）、出狱后持续受限与监控，以及各种“黑监狱”形式。此外，据称表达支持和声援的人士也受到恐吓甚至拘留。

 

Many individuals are reported to have been directly targeted by the police and security authorities ahead or around sensitive political dates and events, such as State political meetings, religious festivities, cultural commemorations or anniversaries of historical moments. Such a targeted approach is reportedly aimed at preventing public gatherings and exerting control over the official political and social narrative.

据称，在国家重要政治会议、宗教节日、文化纪念活动或历史事件周年等敏感日期前后，许多个人遭到警方和安全部门的直接打击。这种有针对性的做法旨在阻止公众集会，并控制官方的政治和社会叙事。

 

Individuals are reportedly held in prolonged incommunicado detention without due process or judicial safeguards, and in conditions that are leading to the deterioration of their physical and mental health and well-being, especially those with pre-existing medical conditions.

据称，相关人员在缺乏正当程序或司法保障的情况下被长期秘密羁押，羁押条件导致他们的身心健康状况不断恶化，尤其是那些本身患有疾病者。

 

While many individuals were reportedly apprehended by the authorities in connection with the “White Paper” protests, other cases concerned abductions reportedly arising merely for the profile and work of the person targeted, and despite not having taken any recent actions that could motivate their detention by the authorities.

尽管许多被捕人员与“白纸运动”有关，但据称也有一些人士仅因其身份或过往工作经历而遭绑架，即使他们近期并无任何可被拘押的行动。

 

These incidents frequently involve individuals who have reportedly expressed dissenting or critical opinions online or offline.

这些事件常常涉及据称在线上或线下表达异议或批评意见的个人。

 

The following cases are just a few examples that highlight trends and patterns of concern raised above.

以下个案只是上文所述令人担忧趋势和模式的部分例证。

 

In January 2022, Chinese human rights lawyer Mr. Xie Yang was reportedly taken away by police officers, and his family and loved ones had no information about him until one year later. It is reported that the detention centre where he was held failed to register his name in the computer system until January 2023, so he could not be located by his family or a lawyer. Mr. Xie was reportedly subjected to torture and ill-treatment, and he could not meet a lawyer of his own choice until 16 months after his deprivation of liberty.

2022年1月，中国人权律师谢阳先生据称被警方带走，其家属和亲人直到一年后才得到他的消息。据称，他所被关押的看守所直到2023年1月才将其名字录入电脑系统，因此家属和律师一直无法查找其下落。谢阳先生据称遭受酷刑和虐待，且在被剥夺人身自由16个月后才首次获准与自己选择的律师会面。

 

In October 2019, Ms. Huang Xueqin, a Chinese journalist and human rights activist, who played an instrumental role in launching the #MeToo movement in China in 2018, was detained by the Guangzhou City Baiyun District Public Security Sub-Bureau (PSB) and the Panyu District PSB. On 4 November 2019, she disappeared after being placed under Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location (RSDL).

2019年10月，中国记者兼人权活动人士黄雪琴女士被广州市白云区公安分局和番禺区公安分局拘留。她在2018年曾在中国推动#MeToo运动，发挥了关键作用。2019年11月4日，她在被指定地点监视居住（RSDL）后失踪。

 

The authorities reportedly detained Ms. Huang out of mere suspicion that she could be liable of the criminal offence for “picking quarrels and provoking trouble” under article 293 of the Criminal Code.

据称，当局仅因怀疑她可能触犯《刑法》第293条“寻衅滋事”罪，即将其拘押。

 

Before her transfer to a RSDL detention centre, her acquaintances were reportedly informed that she would be transferred in order to “transform her thinking”, as 37 days of criminal detention were deemed insufficient. Despite efforts to locate her and inquiries to the authorities, all requests to contact or meet her were denied since her transfer. She was detained for three months and released in 2020.

在她被转移至指定监视居住场所之前，据称熟人被告知，她将被转移以“转变思想”，因为37天的刑事拘留被认为不够。尽管亲友多方寻找并向当局询问，所有联系和会见请求自她被转移后均遭拒绝。她被关押了三个月，并于2020年获释。

 

She was later detained again in September 2021 and tried on 22 September 2023.

她后来于2021年9月再次被拘留，并于2023年9月22日接受审判。

 

Ms. Huang was reportedly moved from Guangzhou No. 3 Detention Centre to Guangzhou No. 1 Detention Centre between late 2022 and early 2023. She was reportedly denied access to her family, preventing them from receiving information about her well-being and whereabouts. Ms. Huang allegedly refused to confess or accept any wrongdoing.

据称，黄雪琴女士在2022年底至2023年初期间从广州市第三看守所转移至广州市第一看守所。她被拒绝与家人接触，导致家属无法获悉其健康状况及所在位置。据称，黄雪琴拒绝认罪或承认任何不当行为。

 

On 14 June 2024, the Guangzhou Municipal Intermediate People’s Court found her guilty of “inciting subversion of State power” under article 105 of the Criminal Code and sentenced her to five years in prison, and an additional four years of deprivation of political rights. The confiscation of Ms. Huang’s assets for an amount of RMB 100,000 ¥ was also ordered. On 10 September 2024, the Guangdong Provincial High Court rejected her appeal, upholding the lower Court’s verdict.

2024年6月14日，广州市中级人民法院以《刑法》第105条“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”判处黄雪琴女士有罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并剥夺政治权利四年，没收人民币10万元财产。2024年9月10日，广东省高级人民法院驳回其上诉，维持原判。

 

In September 2021, alongside Ms. Huang Xueqin, Chinese authorities detained grassroots human rights defender Mr. Wang Jianbing over suspicion of “inciting subversion of State power”. In the afternoon of 19 September 2021, Guangzhou public security officers arrived at Mr. Wang Jianbing’s residence and took both him and Ms. Huang Xueqin into custody.

2021年9月，中国当局与黄雪琴女士一同拘留了基层人权捍卫者王建兵先生，怀疑其犯有“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”。2021年9月19日下午，广州市公安人员前往王建兵先生住所，将他与黄雪琴女士一同带走。

 

The police also searched the two human rights defenders’ residences and confiscated their personal belongings. Mr. Wang was apprehended because he had allegedly held private meetings in his residence believed to be of a political nature. Prior to his detention, Mr. Wang worked to protect the rights of persons with disabilities and advocated for labour rights.

警方还搜查了两位人权捍卫者的住所，并没收了他们的个人物品。据称，王建兵因在住所举行被认为具有政治性质的私人聚会而被捕。在被拘留前，王建兵一直致力于残障人士权益保护和劳工权益倡导工作。

 

On 14 June 2024, the Guangzhou Municipal Intermediate People’s Court found him guilty of “inciting subversion of state power” under article 105 of the Criminal Court and sentenced him to three years in prison, and an additional three years of deprivation of political rights. The court also ordered the confiscation of Mr. Wang Jianbing’s personal assets amounting to RMB 50,000 ¥. On 10 September 2024, the Guangdong Provincial High Court rejected his appeal, upholding the lower Court’s verdict.

2024年6月14日，广州市中级人民法院以《刑法》第105条“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”判处王建兵先生有罪，判处有期徒刑三年，并剥夺政治权利三年，同时没收个人财产人民币5万元。2024年9月10日，广东省高级人民法院驳回其上诉，维持原判。

 

Ms. Zhang Zhan, a Chinese journalist and former lawyer, was detained in May 2020 for her reporting on the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan and was later sentenced to four years in prison on charges of “picking quarrels and provoking trouble”.

中国记者、前律师张展女士于2020年5月因报道武汉新冠疫情被拘留，随后以“寻衅滋事”罪被判处四年有期徒刑。

 

On 13 May 2024, after completing a four-year prison sentence, Ms. Zhang Zhan was released. However, she was detained again less than four months after. In late August 2024, while she reportedly travelled from Shanghai to her hometown in Shaanxi, she suddenly became unreachable. It was reported that she had been taken into custody by police from Shanghai and is reportedly held at the Pudong New District Detention Centre in Shanghai.

2024年5月13日，张展女士在服满四年刑期后获释。然而，不到四个月后她再次被拘押。2024年8月底，据称她从上海前往陕西老家途中突然失联，后有消息称她被上海警方拘捕，目前被关押在上海浦东新区看守所。

 

Chinese Government officials were reported to abduct religious believers for simply practicing their religion or belief, systematically targeting Tibetans, Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims.

据报道，中国政府官员仅因信徒践行其宗教信仰而将其绑架，并系统性地针对藏人、维吾尔族和其他突厥裔穆斯林。

 

On 23 September 2014, Mr. Ilham Tohti, a Uyghur scholar, was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Chinese Government. His conviction was reportedly based on his advocacy for peaceful dialogue and reconciliation between Uyghurs and Han Chinese.

2014年9月23日，维吾尔学者伊力哈木·土赫提先生被中国政府判处无期徒刑。据称，他的定罪依据是其倡导维吾尔族与汉族之间的和平对话与和解。

 

Mr. Tohti’s writings and teachings highlighted systemic discrimination and oppression faced by Uyghurs in Xinjiang. During his imprisonment, Mr. Tohti has reportedly been subjected to torture and other ill-treatment, including wrist and ankle shackling, prolonged solitary confinement and denial of adequate medical care and food, as well as political indoctrination.

土赫提先生的著作和言论揭示了维吾尔人在新疆所遭受的系统性歧视和压迫。在服刑期间，他据称遭受酷刑和其他虐待，包括手脚镣铐、长期单独关押、缺乏足够医疗和食物，以及政治洗脑。

 

Mr. Tohti’s China-based family has not seen him or heard from him since spring 2017, when their quarterly prison visits abruptly stopped, and he has remained incommunicado ever since.

自2017年春天起，土赫提先生在中国的家人不再被允许每季度探视一次，此后便彻底与外界失联。

 

In August 2022, local police officials allegedly detained five Tibetan monks, in Awu kyil Rigo village, Serthar County, for burning incense and offering prayers. Mr. Chugdar, Mr. Gelo, Mr. Tsedo, Mr. Bhamo, and Mr. Kori were detained for organizing religious activities, and taken away by the police to an unknown location within the Serthar County. Persons associated with them were not allowed to send them food.

2022年8月，当地警方据称在色达县阿吾觉日果村拘留了五名藏族僧人，原因是他们焚香和祈祷。楚达、格洛、策多、巴默和科日因组织宗教活动被拘留，并被警方带往色达县境内一处未知地点，与其有关人员被禁止送食物。

 

It is reported that days after his detention, Mr. Chugdar passed away while in custody, where he was allegedly subjected to severe beatings and other forms of torture and ill-treatment. Moreover, the local police reportedly warned persons associated with Mr. Chugdar that, unless they signed a statement declaring that his death was not a result of police beatings, Mr. Chugdar's body would not be returned.

据报道，楚达先生在被拘留几日后即于羁押期间去世，期间据称遭受严重殴打及其他形式的酷刑与虐待。此外，据称当地警方警告与楚达有关人员，若不签署声明称其死亡并非警方殴打所致，则其遗体将不予归还。

 

Security officials allegedly proposed a one-time payment of RMB 100,000 ¥ for each family per year of detention in compensation.

安全部门据称提议以每年拘押时间补偿每个家庭一次性人民币10万元。

 

In the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (hereafter Xinjiang), the families of forcibly disappeared persons continue to face considerable obstacles in accessing and obtaining information on the fate and whereabouts of their loved ones.

在新疆维吾尔自治区，被强迫失踪者的家庭持续面临获取其亲人命运和下落信息的重大障碍。

 

In October 2022, Mr. Sadier Baihetiyaer, also known as Bahtiyar Sadir, was reportedly abducted by the police in his home in Urumqi, Xinjiang, despite being ill, feverish, and in a fragile state of health, and self-imposing a COVID-19 quarantine. He was apprehended and taken away by Chinese security and police officials because, as a Muslim, he had prayed with a group of people.

2022年10月，萨迪尔·拜合提亚尔先生（又名巴赫提亚尔·萨迪尔）据称在新疆乌鲁木齐的家中被警方带走，当时他病重发烧，身体虚弱，正在自我隔离以防新冠。他因作为穆斯林与他人一起祷告而被中国安保与警察人员拘押并带走。

 

努尔买买提先生是来自新西兰的电信工程师，因“分裂国家”罪被判九年有期徒刑，并剥夺政治权利四年。2017年6月，他随即被转送至“再教育营”。

Mr. Nuermaimaiti was sentenced to nine years of imprisonment and four years of deprivation of political rights for “splitting the State.” Shortly after in June 2017, he was transferred to a re-education camp.

 

For over two years, his family and loved ones did not have any information regarding whether he had been detained, where he was or if he was in good health condition. In July 2019, Mr. Nuermaimaiti managed to have a brief video conversation with persons associated with him after being transferred to an unknown detention centre around April of that year.

两年多来，他的家人和亲属对他是否被拘留、被关押何处、身体状况是否良好毫无所知。2019年4月左右，他被转移至一处不明拘押地点后，于同年7月与相关人士进行了短暂的视频通话。

 

The family of Dr. Gulshan Abbas, also known as Gulixian Abasi, an imprisoned 62-year-old Uyghur-American retired medical doctor who had been sentenced to 20 years in prison in a secret trial in 2019, only recently learnt about her whereabouts when the Chinese Government replied to a communication in August 2024.

现年62岁的维吾尔裔美籍退休医生古丽仙·阿巴斯（又名古丽谢·阿巴斯）被秘密审判并于2019年被判处20年徒刑，直到2024年8月中国政府回复联合国通报时，她的家人才刚得知她的下落。

 

In July 2023, the Lao police reportedly detained a Chinese human rights lawyer, Mr. Lu Siwei, for crossing the China-Lao border irregularly although he had a valid visa delivered by Lao authorities in Guangzhou, China. He was detained by the Laotian authorities as the Chinese authorities had imposed a travel ban on him.

2023年7月，老挝警方据称拘留了中国人权律师卢思位先生，理由是他“非法越境”，尽管他持有由中国广州的老挝领事馆核发的有效签证。他被老方拘留的原因是中国方面对其实施了出境禁令。

 

As a lawyer, Mr. Lu was involved in several high-profile cases, including representing one of the 12 Hong Kong activists detained at sea by mainland Chinese authorities in August 2020.

作为律师，卢思位曾参与多起引发广泛关注的案件，包括为2020年8月被中国大陆海警海上扣押的12名香港青年中的一人提供法律代理。

 

Mr. Lu had attempted to travel to the United States to meet his family, and he disappeared from detention in Lao only to reappear weeks later under Chinese police custody. Chinese authorities later released him on bail pending trial, which was set to end on 27 October 2024.

卢思位先生原计划前往美国与家人团聚，但在老挝被拘留后突然失踪，几周后在中国警方手中再次现身。中国当局随后将其取保候审，期限原定于2024年10月27日届满。

 

On 19 July 2024, he was called to the local Police Station to give a statement and was informed that his case would soon be transferred to the Procuratorate for review and renewed prosecution. On 10 October 2024, Mr. Lu was taken into custody from his place of assigned residence by officers from the Chenghua Branch of the Chengdu Public Security Bureau.

2024年7月19日，他被传唤至当地派出所作笔录，并被告知其案件将移送检察机关审查并重新起诉。2024年10月10日，他被成都市公安局成华分局的警员从其指定居住地带走拘押。

 

On 14 October 2024, he was officially charged by the Chenghua District Procuratorate for “illegal crossing of national border”.

2024年10月14日，成华区检察院以“非法出入境罪”正式起诉卢思位先生。

 

In October 2015, Mr. Gui Minhai, a Swedish Chinese writer and bookseller, was abducted in Pattaya, Thailand, and then reappeared in China three months later. In February 2020, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

2015年10月，瑞典籍华人作家兼书商桂民海先生在泰国芭提雅被绑架，三个月后出现在中国境内。2020年2月，他被判处10年有期徒刑。

 

Without prejudging the accuracy of these allegations, we stress that these cases may be revealing the existence of patterns of repression aimed at silencing human rights defenders, activists, lawyers, journalists, and other citizens expressing dissenting views or engaging in artistic, religious or cultural expressions that the Government might perceive as a threat.

在不预判这些指控准确性的前提下，我们强调，这些案件可能揭示出一种旨在压制人权捍卫者、活动人士、律师、记者及其他表达异议意见或从事艺术、宗教或文化表达的公民的打压模式，这些表达可能被政府视为威胁。

 

We deeply regret that many individuals are reported to currently being deprived of their liberty, mostly in incommunicado detention and without access to the outside world, for simply exercising their fundamental freedoms, including of opinion and expression, religion or belief, or peaceful assembly and association, for conducting their legitimate human rights work, or for discriminatory reasons based on their migratory status.

我们深感遗憾的是，据称许多人目前因单纯行使其基本自由，包括意见和表达自由、宗教或信仰自由、和平集会与结社自由，或从事合法人权工作，或因其移民身份而受到歧视性对待，被剥夺自由，且大多处于秘密拘押状态，与外界隔绝。

 

We are alarmed by the allegations of enforced disappearances of citizens, despite the jus cogens absolute prohibition of this crime under international law, often in connection to the victims’ exercise of freedom of expression, association, assembly or religion, among others.

我们对公民被强迫失踪的指控表示震惊，尽管根据国际法强迫失踪已被视为绝对禁止的强行法规范，但此类事件仍常与受害者行使表达、结社、集会或宗教等自由有关。

 

We remain very concerned by the traumatic impact that these allegations of enforced disappearances have on the families of the disappeared persons and local communities.

我们对强迫失踪所带来的创伤性影响深感关切，特别是对失踪者家庭及所在社区所造成的伤害。

 

Many individuals reported irreparable damage due to the disruption of their social and cultural life, notably women and children who endured the disintegration of their family structures, and their social exclusion.

许多个人反映，其社会和文化生活遭到破坏，造成不可修复的伤害，尤其是妇女和儿童，承受着家庭结构瓦解和社会排斥的痛苦。

 

As it is our responsibility, under the mandates provided to us by the Human Rights Council, to seek to clarify all cases brought to our attention, we would be grateful for your observations on the following matters:

根据联合国人权理事会赋予我们的授权，我们有责任澄清所接到的所有案件，因此，恳请贵国政府就以下问题予以说明：

 

1. Please provide any additional information and/or comment(s) you may have on the above-mentioned allegations.

1. 请提供关于上述指控的任何补充信息和/或评论。

 

2. Please provide information on the fate and whereabouts of Mr. Xie Yang, Ms. Huang Xueqin, Mr. Wang Jiangbing, Mr. Lu Siwei, Mr. Nuermaimaiti Maiwulani, Mr. Sadier Baihetiyaer, Ms. Gulshan Abbas, Mr. Gui Minhai, Mr. Tsedo, Mr. Kori, Mr. Chugdar, Mr. Gelo, Mr. Bhamo, Mr. Lobsang Samten, Mr. Lobsang Trinley, Ms. Wangkyi, Mr. Tsering Tashi, Mr. Ilham Tohti, and Ms. Zhang Zhan.

2. 请提供谢阳、黄雪琴、王建兵、卢思位、努尔买买提·买吾拉尼、萨迪尔·拜合提亚尔、古丽仙·阿巴斯、桂民海、策多、科日、楚达、格洛、巴默、洛桑·桑丹、洛桑·赤列、旺吉、次仁扎西、伊力哈木·土赫提及张展等人的命运和下落信息。

 

3. Please explain what measures have been taken by your Excellency’s Government to implement the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention’s opinions No. 2/2014, No. 25/2021, No. 9/2022 and No. 88/2022, concerning the arbitrary deprivation of liberty of Mr. Ilham Tohti, Ms. Zhang Zhan, Mr. Wang Jianbing, and Ms. Gulshan Abbas, respectively.

3. 请说明贵国政府为落实任意拘留问题工作组第2/2014号、第25/2021号、第9/2022号及第88/2022号意见，就伊力哈木·土赫提、张展、王建兵和古丽仙·阿巴斯遭任意拘禁所采取的措施。

 

4. Concerning the case of Ms. Zhang Zhan, please provide a detailed explanation of the reasons why she was re-detained in August 2024.

4. 关于张展女士，请详细说明她于2024年8月再次被拘留的原因。

 

5. Concerning the case of Mr. Lu Siwei, please provide a detailed explanation for the authorities’ decision to wait nearly a year, until his bail period was almost concluded, before proceeding with his arrest and formal charges. Additionally, please specify the charges brought against him, including legal grounds for his travel ban.

5. 关于卢思位先生，请详细说明当局为何等待近一年、直至其取保候审即将届满之际，才对其实施逮捕并正式起诉。此外，请说明对其提出的指控及禁止出境的法律依据。

 

6. Please explain what actions are taken by your Excellency’s Government to investigate and elucidate cases of enforced disappearances, torture and other human rights violations, including those concerning protesters, human rights defenders, journalists, lawyers, activists and ethnic or religious minorities. If no investigation has been undertaken, please explain the reason.

6. 请说明贵国政府为调查和查明强迫失踪、酷刑及其他人权侵害案件所采取的行动，包括涉及抗议者、人权捍卫者、记者、律师、活动人士以及民族或宗教少数群体的案件。如未开展调查，请解释原因。

 

7. Please provide information about the factual and legal basis for the arrests, detention, charging, and sentencing of the above-mentioned individuals, as well as for the classification of their cases as secret and closing trials to public (where applicable), and explain how these actions comply with China’s obligations under international human rights law.

7. 请提供对上述人员实施逮捕、拘押、起诉和判刑的事实及法律依据，以及将案件定性为“秘密”并闭门审理的原因（如适用），并说明这些做法如何符合中国在国际人权法下的义务。

 

8. Please clarify the measures currently in place to maintain official, reliable, transparent and publicly available up-to-date registers of all detained persons in every place of detention and to ensure that any person with a legitimate interest, including relatives of persons deprived of their liberty and their representatives or counsel, has access to information on the fate, whereabouts and state of health of the person deprived of liberty.

8. 请说明目前实施的措施，是否确保在所有羁押场所设立官方、可靠、透明并可公开获取的最新在押人员名册，以及是否确保相关利益人（包括被羁押者亲属、代表或律师）可以获得其亲人下落、命运及健康状况的信息。

 

9. Please explain how your Excellency’s Government guarantees that persons deprived of their liberty are guaranteed adequate medical conditions (physical and psychological), proper treatment, and medication to those who need it.

9. 请说明贵国政府如何保障被羁押者的基本医疗条件（身心健康）、适当照护及所需药物治疗。

 

10. Please explain how your Excellency’s Government justifies extended pre-trial detention of individuals or incommunicado detention for extended periods of time and without notifying or allowing access to their families, counsel or any other person of their choice.

10. 请说明贵国政府如何为延长审前羁押或长期秘密关押而不给予通知或拒绝家属、律师或他人探视的做法进行正当化解释。

 

11. Please explain how your Excellency’s Government justifies that in contexts articulated above most people are tried in closed-door trials, families and defence lawyers of one’s choosing are reportedly rarely notified on time of the charges, date of trial or location of detention (both pre-trial and post-trial).

11. 请解释贵国政府如何正当化上述情境中多数人员被闭门审判的情况，以及家属与指定律师很少能及时获悉指控内容、开庭日期及羁押地点（无论是审前还是审后）。

 

12. Please provide detailed information as to your Excellency’s Government efforts to investigate any miscarriage of justice, ill-treatment in pre-trial and post-trial detention and in cases of death in custody.

12. 请提供贵国政府就调查冤假错案、审前与审后羁押期间的虐待以及在押期间死亡案件所作努力的详细信息。

 

13. Please provide detailed information on how China addresses allegations of forcibly returning vulnerable individuals to China, ensuring compliance with peremptory norms of international law relating to the principle of non-refoulement and the absolute prohibition of torture, arbitrary detention and enforced disappearance.

13. 请详细说明中国如何处理有关将脆弱个体强行遣返的指控，以及如何确保遵守国际法中关于禁止强迫遣返、禁止酷刑、任意拘押与强迫失踪等强行法规范的义务。

 

14. Please explain which measures are taken to ensure that activists, human rights defenders, journalists, and lawyers can perform their work in a safe and enabling environment, free from fear of reprisals, as well as the measures there are to safeguard their fundamental rights and freedoms, including the freedoms of expression, peaceful assembly and association that comprehends the right of dissenting or opposing views and of artistic, cultural or religious activities.

14. 请说明所采取的措施，是否确保活动人士、人权捍卫者、记者及律师能在安全和自由的环境中工作，不必担心遭受报复，并保障他们的基本权利和自由，包括表达自由、和平集会与结社自由，涵盖异议和反对观点以及艺术、文化和宗教活动的权利。

 

15. Please explain which measures are being taken to ensure that ethnic and religious minorities can exercise their right to freedom of religion or belief and perform cultural, religious and artistic practices.

15. 请说明目前有哪些措施确保少数民族和宗教群体能行使宗教或信仰自由的权利，并开展其文化、宗教与艺术实践。

 

16. Please provide detailed data on the number of persons that lodged an appeal in cases involving “picking quarrels”; “State subversion” or “separatism” and how many of them won their appeal.

16. 请提供涉及“寻衅滋事”“颠覆国家政权”或“分裂国家”等案件中提出上诉的人员数量及其中上诉成功的人数的详细数据。

 

17. Please provide information on the number of persons arrested during the “White paper movement” in November 2022, how many remain in detention, where, and on what charges.

17. 请提供2022年11月“白纸运动”期间被逮捕人员的数量，其中仍被羁押的人数、羁押地点及其所涉罪名。

 

Annex

Reference to international human rights law

附件

关于国际人权法的引用

 

In connection with above alleged facts and concerns, we would like to draw the attention of Your Excellency’s Government to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), signed by China on 5 October 1998. While China is yet to ratify the ICCPR, as a signatory to the ICCPR, China has an obligation to refrain from any acts which would defeat the object and purpose of the Covenant prior to its entry into force (article 18 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties).

关于上述指称事实和关切，我们谨提请贵国政府关注《世界人权宣言》（UDHR）及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》（ICCPR），中国于1998年10月5日签署该公约。尽管中国尚未批准该公约，但作为签署国，根据《1969年维也纳条约法公约》第18条，中国有义务在公约正式生效前不得采取任何破坏其宗旨和目的的行为。

 

We would like to refer to articles 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 and 22 of the ICCPR, read alone or in conjunction with article 2.3, which guarantee the right to life; the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; the right to liberty and security of person; the right to be recognized as a person before the law; the right to a trial within a reasonable time, to challenge the legality of the detention before the courts, to be released subject to guarantees to appear for trial, to a fair and public trial before an independent and impartial tribunal without undue delay and with legal assistance of their choosing; the right to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person; the right to an effective remedy; the right to freedom of religion or belief; the right to freedom of opinion and expression; and the rights to peaceful assembly and of association.

我们特别提请注意ICCPR第3、6、7、9、10、14、16、18、19、21和22条（单独或结合第2.3条），这些条款保障生命权；禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚；人身自由与安全权；法律人格承认权；在合理时间内接受审判、有权向法院质疑拘留合法性、在保证出庭前提下获得释放的权利；在独立、公正法庭接受不拖延的公平公开审判并有权选择法律援助；在拘押中受到人道待遇与尊重人格尊严的权利；获得有效救济的权利；宗教或信仰自由权；意见与表达自由权；和平集会和结社自由权。

 

We would like to stress that the duty to protect the right to life requires States parties to adopt special measures of protection for persons in situations of vulnerability whose lives are at particular risk due to specific threats or pre-existing patterns of violence. Such persons include human rights defenders.

我们强调，国家有义务保护生命权，这要求缔约国采取特别保护措施，以保障因特定威胁或既有暴力模式而处于高度风险状态的弱势群体生命安全。这些群体包括人权捍卫者。

 

The obligation of States parties to respect and ensure the right to life extends to reasonably foreseeable threats and life-threatening situations that can result in loss of life. States parties may be in violation of article 6 even if such threats and situations do not result in loss of life.

缔约国有义务尊重并保障生命权，此义务也适用于可合理预见的威胁和可能导致生命丧失的危险情境。即使相关威胁尚未导致实际死亡，缔约国也可能因未尽保障义务而违反第6条规定。

 

Torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are prohibited under article 7 of the ICCPR. Whilst China has not ratified the ICCPR, we wish to reiterate that the absolute and non-derogable prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is an erga omnes and jus cogens norm, as expressed as a principle of customary international law.

根据ICCPR第7条，酷刑及其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚是被禁止的。尽管中国尚未批准该公约，我们仍强调，酷刑及类似待遇的绝对禁止属于对所有国家普遍适用的义务（对世义务）及强行法规范，已确立为国际习惯法原则。

 

Furthermore, torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are prohibited in articles 1, 2 and 16 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), ratified by China on 4 October 1988.

此外，《禁止酷刑及其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚公约》（CAT）第1、2和16条亦禁止酷刑及相关行为，中国已于1988年10月4日批准该公约。

 

Accordingly, pursuant article 2 of the CAT, China has undertaken to ensure to take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.

因此，根据CAT第2条，中国承诺采取有效立法、行政、司法或其他措施，以防止在其管辖范围内发生任何酷刑行为。

 

We would also like to refer to articles 9 and 10 of the ICCPR, which prohibit arbitrary detention and require that anyone arrested or detained be brought promptly before a judge, be informed of the reasons for their arrest, and be entitled to take proceedings before a court. Anyone deprived of liberty must be treated with humanity and respect for dignity.

我们亦提请注意ICCPR第9和第10条，其禁止任意拘押，要求所有被逮捕或拘留者应尽快被提交法官审理，获悉被捕原因，并有权向法院提出申诉。任何被剥夺自由者均应受到人道待遇与尊重人格尊严的保障。

 

We refer to article 19 of the ICCPR, which guarantees the right to freedom of opinion and expression, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media.

我们还提请注意ICCPR第19条，其保障意见与表达自由，包括不受国界限制地以口头、书面、印刷、艺术或任何媒介形式寻求、接收及传递各种信息和观点的自由。

 

We also refer to article 22 of the ICCPR, which guarantees the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of one’s interests.

我们还提请注意ICCPR第22条，其保障与他人结社的自由，包括为维护自身利益而组织或加入工会的权利。

 

The Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance recalls that no State shall practice, permit or tolerate enforced disappearances, and that such practices constitute a grave threat to the right to life and violate numerous human rights and fundamental freedoms.

《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪宣言》重申，任何国家不得实行、允许或容忍强迫失踪，该行为对生命权构成严重威胁，并侵犯多项人权和基本自由。

 

We further wish to highlight that victims of enforced disappearances and their families have the right to know the truth regarding the circumstances and fate of the disappeared persons.

我们亦强调，强迫失踪受害者及其家属有权了解失踪事件的真相，包括失踪者的情况及命运。

 

We also refer to the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992, which sets out the necessary protection by States against enforced disappearance.

我们还提请注意《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪宣言》，该宣言由联合国大会于1992年12月18日通过（第47/133号决议），明确规定国家在防止强迫失踪方面应履行的义务。

 

The Declaration stipulates that no State shall practice, permit or tolerate enforced disappearances, and that such practices constitute a violation of international law and may amount to a crime against humanity if practiced in a widespread or systematic manner.

宣言规定，任何国家不得实施、允许或容忍强迫失踪行为，此类行为构成违反国际法，若被广泛或系统性实施，还可能构成危害人类罪。

 

We also refer to the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, adopted by General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988, particularly principles 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 36, which stipulate that all persons under any form of detention or imprisonment shall be treated in a humane manner and with respect for their dignity.

我们还提请注意《保护所有被拘留或监禁人员原则汇编》，该文件由联合国大会于1988年12月9日通过（第43/173号决议），特别是第1、2、4、6、10、11、15、16、17、18、19和36条原则，规定所有被拘留或监禁者应受到人道对待，并尊重其人格尊严。

 

We would also like to refer to the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 70/175, especially rules 1 to 3, 5 to 10, 27, 43, 45 and 58 to 63.

我们还提请注意《联合国囚犯待遇最低标准规则》（纳尔逊·曼德拉规则），该规则由联合国大会通过（第70/175号决议），特别是第1至3条、第5至10条、第27条、第43条、第45条和第58至63条。

 

We further refer to the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers and on the Independence of the Judiciary, as well as the UN Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law.

我们进一步提请注意《联合国律师职责基本原则》与《司法独立基本原则》，以及《严重侵犯国际人权法与国际人道法受害者补救和赔偿权利基本原则》。

 

This communication and any response received from your Excellency’s Government will be made public via the communications reporting website within 60 days. They will also subsequently be made available in the usual report to be presented to the Human Rights Council. While awaiting a reply, we urge that all necessary interim measures be taken to halt the alleged violations and prevent their re-occurrence, and in the event that the investigations support or suggest the allegations to be correct, to ensure accountability of any person responsible.

本通报及贵国政府的任何回应将在60天内通过联合国人权事务通讯报告网站公开，并随后纳入提交人权理事会的定期报告中。在等待回复期间，我们敦促贵国采取一切必要的临时措施，以制止所指控的侵权行为并防止其重演，如经调查确认或初步认定指控属实，亦请确保追究责任人责任。

 

Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of our highest consideration.

阁下，请接受我们最崇高的敬意。

 

[Signed jointly by:]

【联合署名人如下：】

 

Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances

强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组

 

Working Group on Arbitrary Detention

任意拘留问题工作组

 

Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression

促进和保护意见与表达自由问题特别报告员

 

Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association

和平集会与结社自由权问题特别报告员

 

Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders

人权捍卫者状况问题特别报告员

 

Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers

法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员

 

Special Rapporteur on minority issues

少数群体问题特别报告员

 

Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief

宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员

 

Working Group on discrimination against women and girls

妇女和女童歧视问题工作组